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RUSSIAN FEDERATION (RUSSIA)
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies about one-seventh part of dry land. It is situated in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by seas and oceans. There are different types of climate on the territory of the country. It is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of the country has mild climate: winters are cold, springs and autumns are warm or cool, summers are hot and warm. In the South the temperature usually is above zero all year round, even in winter. Summer is really hot, the climate is very favourable. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry, winters are very cold.
Some parts of our country are covered with mountains and hills.
There are many rivers in Russia, the longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Yenisei and the Ob in Asia. The deepest lakes are the Baikal and the Ladoga. The water of the lake Baikal is the purest in the world.
The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, coal, iron. gold and others.
Russia borders on many countries. Among them are Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Poland, China, Mongolia, Korea.
Moscow is the capital of our country. It was founded in 1147. It is a nice city. There are many places of interest in Moscow. You can see many museums, art galleries, theatres and monuments in our capital. People of our country are proud of the Moscow Kremlin. There are also many big beautiful cities in Russia.
The population of Russia is about 150 million people. 83 per cent of the population are Russians. 70 per cent of the population live in cities.
MOSCOW
(Tex-1)
Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is a modem centre now. The population of the city is about 9 million people. Moscow is a political centre, where the government of our country works.
Moscow was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square kilometres.
We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow-Volga Canal links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and the Sea of Azov.
Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factories and plants in it. One of the best known plants is Likhachev Automobile plant, which produces many lorries.
Moscow is a cultural centre. One can see the Kremlin and Red Square in the city. There are a lot of theatres, museums, libraries and cinemas in Moscow. The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous theatres all over the world.
If you are fond of painting you can go to the Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of interesting portraits and landscapes there. We say the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house of Russian art.
Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum. There are many tanks, guns and war documents there.
There are many fine buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares and monuments in Moscow.
It is necessary to mention such famous monuments as monuments to the great Russian writer Alexander Pushkin and to the first Russian printer Ivan Fedorov. Visiting the capital a lot of foreigners from all over the worid come to see these monuments.
One of the highest buildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It was founded in 1755 by the great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.
Transport". Moscow is a very big city and its transport must be comfortable and fast.
One can see a lot of cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams in the streets of our city. The Moscow metro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There were 13 stations at that time. Now it has 151 stations. Our metro is a beautiful and convenient one.
There are nine railway stations in Moscow and some airports around the city.
There are many stadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in Luzhniki. Many competitions and football matches are held there.
The Olympic village was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. It is a big complex for sport games.
MOSCOW
(Text-2)
Moscow is the capital of our country. Moscow was founded in 1147 by Prince Yuri Dolgorukyi. Now Moscow has become the largest political, economic and administrative centre of the country. It is one of the world's cultural, scientific and art centres.
Moscow is situated on both sides of the Moskva river. The heart of Moscow is Red Square and the Kremlin. The highest towers of the Kremlin are crowned with ruby stars. The main and tallest of the Kremlin towers is the Spasskaya tower. People all over the country listen to the Kremlin Chimes on the Spasskaya Tower. The Bell Towers of Ivan the Great built in the 15th century have twenty-two large bells and over thirty small ones. Thousands of tourists admire the majestic beauty of the red-brick walls and towers of the Kremlin, the fantastic beauty of St.Basil's Cathedral, a masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture. In front of the Cathedral there's a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. The cathedrals, palaces and buildings of the Kremlin are remarkable museums containing unique collections of rare things.
In fact, Moscow is famous all over the world for its museums and galleries. Among them most well-known is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts which houses a wonderful collection of world painting and sculpture and the Tretyakov Picture gallery with its mastespieces of Russian pictorial art. In Moscow there are a lot of exhibition halls, palaces of culture, libraries and theatres. Among the world famous Bolshoi Theatre, Taganka Theatre, The Kremlin Theatre and others are numerous studioes and amateur theatres which have gained popularity among the spectators. Many tourists enjoy the magnificent building of the University which is situated on the Lenin Hills. The Moscow Metro is not only a comfortable, rapid and economic means of travelling but also one of the tourists' attractions. It's rightly considered to be the most beautiful in the world.
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
(Text-1)
The United Kingdom is situated in the northwest coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean on the north and north-west and the North Sea on the east.
The U.K. includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Great Britain, the largest island in Europe, contains England, Scotland and Wales.
The United Kingdom has an area of 94,249 square miles. The capital of the country is London. English is the official language.
The population of the U.K. is nearly 60 million people. The population lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out of every five people live in towns. Over 46 million people live in England. Over 3 million - in Wales. A little over 5 million - in Scotland. About 1,5 million in Northern Ireland. London's population is over 7 million people. The British nation consists of the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. There are many people of all colours and races in the United Kingdom.
The climate of Great Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summer or too cold