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1. Ea?anoai noaee ii?aaaeyaony niaa??aieai a?aaiuo i?eianae..
Iniiaiua a?aaiua i?eiane - yoi na?a e oinoi?. Oae ?a e a?aaiui i?eianyi ioiinyony aacu ( acio, eenei?ia, aiai?ia ).
Na?a - a?aaiay i?eianu - iiiaaaao a noaeu aeaaiui ia?acii n enoia- iui nu?u?i - ?oaoiii. na?a ia?anoai?eia a ?aeaca, iia ia?acoao n iei niaaeiaiea FeS - noeuoea ?aeaca. i?e acaeiiaaenoaeai n ?aeacii ia?aco- aony yaoaeoeea ( Fe + FeS ) n oaiia?aoo?ie ieaaaiey 9880 N. Iiyoiio i?e iaa?aaa noaeuiuo caaioiaie aey ieanoe?aneie aai?iaoee auoa 9000 N noa- eu noaiiaeony o?oieie. I?e ai?y?ae ieanoe?aneie aaoi?iaoee caaioiaea
?ac?ooaaony. Yoi yaeaiea iacuaaaony e?aniieiieinou?. Iaiei ec niiniaia
oiaiuoaiey aeeyiey na?u yaeyaony aaaaaiea ia?aaioa. Niaaeiaiea Mns
ieaaeony i?e 16200 N, yoe aee??aiey ieanoe?iu e ia aucuaa?o e?aniieii- einoe.
Niaa??aiea na?u a noaeyo aiioneaaony ia aieaa 0.06%.
Oinoi? iiiaaaao a noaeu aeaaiui ia?acii oae?a n enoiaiui ?oaoiii,
eniieucoaiui oae?a aey auieaaee noaee. Ai 1.2% oinoi? ?anoai?yaony a
oa??eoa, oiaiuoay aai ieanoe?iinou. Oinoi? iaeaaaao aieuoie neeiiiin-
ou? e eeeaaoee, iiyoiio aa?a i?e iacia?eoaeuiii n?aaiai eiee?anoaa
oinoi?a a ioeeaea anaaaa iiaoo ia?aciaaouny o?anoee, aiaaoua oinoi?ii.
?aniiei?aiiue aaeece a?aieo oinoi? iiauoaao oaiia?aoo?o ia?aoiaa a
o?oieia ninoiyiea ( oeaaiieiieinou ). Iiyoiio oinoi?, eae e na?a, yaey- aony a?aaiie i?eianu?, niaa??aiea aai a oaea?iaenoie noaee aiioneaaony ai 0.050%.
Ne?uoua i?eiane:
Oae iacuaa?o i?enoonoao?uea a noaee aacu - acio, eenei?ia, aiai?ia - aaeao nei?iinoe ii?aaaeaiey eo eiee?anoaa. Aacu iiiaaa?o a noaeu i?e a? auieaaee. A oa??aie noaee iie iiaoo i?enoonoaiaaou, eeai ?anoai?yynu a oa??eoa, eeai ia?acoy oeie?aneia niaaeiaiea (ieo?eau, ieneau ). Aacu iiaoo iaoiaeouny e a naiaiaiii ninoiyiee a ?acee?iuo ianieioiinoyo.
Aa?a a i?aiu iaeuo eiee?anoaao acio, eenei?ia e aiai?ia neeuii oooaoa?o ieanoe?aneea naienoaa noaee. Niaa??aiea eo a noaee aiioneaaony
10-2 - 10-4 %. A ?acoeuoaoa aaeooie?iaaiey noaee eo niaa??aiea oiaiuoaao- ny, naienoaa oeo?oa?ony.
Oaea?iaenoua eino?oiaioaeuiua noaee auaa?o aaoo aeaia: ea?anoaaiiua
e aunieiea?anoaaiiua.
Ea?anoaaiiua oaea?iaenoua eino?oiaioaeuiua noaee ia?ee?o?o aoeaie
" O " ( oaea?iaenoay ); neaao?uay ca iae oeo?a ( O7, O8, O10 e o.a ) iiea- cuaaao n?aaiaa niaa??aiea oaea?iaa a aanyouo aieyo i?ioaioa.
Aunieieea?anoaaiiua noaee aiiieieoaeuii ia?ee?o?ony aoeaie " A " a eiioa ( O10A ).
Eino?oiaioaeuiua oaea?iaenoua noaee:
Iaeaaa?o aunieie oa??ainou? ( 60-65 HRC ), i?i?iinou? e eciininoie- einou? e i?eiaiy?ony aey ecaioiaeaiey ?acee?iiai eino?oiaioa.
Oaea?iaenoua eino?oiaioaeuiua noaee O8 (O8A), O10 (O10A), O11 (O11A),
O12 (O12A) e O13 (O13A) aneaanoaea iaeie onoie?eainoe ia?aioea?aaiiiai
aonoaieoa eia?o iaaieuoo? i?ieaeeaiaiinou, e iiyoiio yoe noaee i?eia- iy?o aey eino?oiaioia iaaieuoeo ?acia?ia.
Aey ?a?ouaai einooiaioa ( o?acu, caiea?u, na??ea, nie?aeuiua ieeu, oa- aa?u, ii?iaee ?o?iua, iaieeuieee, a?eoau, ino?ue oe?o?ae?aneee eino?o- iaio e o.a ) iau?ii i?eiaiy?o cayaoaeoieaiua noaee ( O10, O11, O12 e O13 ),
o eioi?uo iinea oa?ie?aneie ia?aaioee no?oeoo?a - ia?oaineo e ea?aeau.
Aa?aaiia?aaaouaa?uee eino?oiaio, coaeea, ea?ia?u, ai?iaee, ioa??oee,
oiii?u ecaioiaey?o ec noaeae O7 e O8, eia?ueo iinea oa?ie?aneie ia?a- aioee o?iinoeoio? no?oeoo?o.
Oaea?iaenoua noaee a enoiaiii (ioi???iiii) ninoiyiee eia?o no?oe- oo?o ca?ienoiai ia?eeoa, ieceo? oaa?ainou ( HB 170-180 ) e oi?ioi ia?aaa-
ouaa?ony ?acaieai. Oaiia?aoo?a caeaeee oaea?iaenouo eino?oiaioaeuiuo noaeae O10-O13 aie?ia auou 760-780 0 N, o.a ianeieuei auoa An1 , ii ie?a
Ano aey oiai, ?oiau a ?acoeuoaoa caeaeee noaee iieo?aee ia?oaineoio? no?oeoo?o e nio?aiyee iaeeia ca?ii e ia?anoai?aiiua ?anoeou aoi?e?iiai
oaiaioeoa. Caeaeeo i?iaiayo a aiaa eee aiaiuo ?anoai?ao nieae. Iaeeee eino?oiaio ec noaeae O10-O12 aey oeaiuoaiey aaoi?iaoee ioea?aa?o a ai-
?y?eo n?aaao ( nooiai?aoay caeaeea ).
Ioione i?iaiayo i?e 150-1700 N aey nio?aiaiey aunieie oa??ainoe
( 62-63 HRC ).
Noaeu O7 caeaeeaa?o n iaa?aaii auoa oi?ee An3 ( 800-8200 N ) e iia- aa?aa?o ioioneo i?e 275-325 0 N ( 48-58 HRC ).
Oaea?iaenoua noaee ii?ii eniieuciaaou a ea?anoaa ?a?ouaoi eino?o- iaioa oieuei aey ?acaiuy iaoa?eaeia n iaeie nei?inou?, oae eae eo auni-
eay oa??ainou neeuii nie?aaony i?e iaa?aaa auoa 190-200 0 N.
2. Aeaa?aiia ninoiyiey ?aeaci-ea?aea ?aeaca.
Noaee, niaa??auea io 0,8 ai 2.14 % N, iacuaa?o cayaoaeoieaiuie.
A ia?aea iaa?aaaiey cayaoaeoieaiue nieaa eiaao no?oeoo?o ia?eeoa e
aoi?e?iiai oaiaioeoa.
I?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u ai 7270 N nieaa i?inoi iaa?aaaaony. A o.1 i?ienoiaeo yaoaeoieaiia i?aa?auaiea, ia?eeo i?aa?auaaony a aonoaieo. Io oi?ee 1 ai oi?ee 2 nieaau eia?o no?oeoo?o aonoaieo + aoi?e?iue oaiai- oeo. Ii ia?a i?eaee?aiey e oi?ee 2 eiioaio?aoey oaea?iaa a aonoaieoa oaaee?eaaaony niaeanii eeiee SE.
I?e oaiia?aoo?ao, niioaaonoao?ueo eeiee SE ( o.2 ), aonoaieo ieacuaaaony ianuuaiiui oaea?iaii, e i?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u nieaa eiaao no?oe- oo?o oieuei aonoaieoa. Ai oi?ee 3 a nieaaa ia i?ienoiaeo ieeaeeo eciaia- iee, i?inoi oaeee?eaaaony oaiia?aoo?a.
I?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u a oi?ee 3 oa??aue aonoaieo ia?eiaao ieaae- ouny. No?oeoo?a noaiiaeony ?eaeinou+aonoaieo. Ai oi?ee 4 nieaa i?iaie- ?aao ieaaeouny.
A oi?ea 4 iia aeeyieai aunieie oaiia?aoo?u aanu aonoaieo ?anieaaey- aony. No?oeoo?a noaiiaeony - ?eaeinou.
3. I?e iaa?aaa auoa oaiia?aoo?u 7270 N ?enei ca?iauoae anaaaa ainoaoi- ?ii aaeeei e ia?aeuiia ca?ii aonoaieoa iaeeia. ?ai auoa nei?inou iaa?a- aa, oai iaiuoa ca?ii aonoaieoa, oae eae nei?inou ia?aciaaiey ca?iauoae auoa, ?ai nei?inou eo ?inoa.
I?e aaeuiaeoai iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u eee oaaee?aiee aeeoaeuiinoe
auaa??ee i?e aaiiie oaiia?aoo?a i?ienoiaeo niae?aoaeuiay ?ae?enoae- eecaoey e ca?ii oaaee?eaaony. ?ino ca?ia, ia?aciaaaoaainy i?e iaa?aaa ai
aaiiie oaiia?aoo?u, aoanoaaiii, ia eciaiyaony i?e iineaao?uei ioea?aa- iee
Niiniaiinou ca?ia aonoaieoa e ?inoo ca?ia iaiaeiaeiaa aa?a o noaeae iaiiai ia?i?iiai ninoaaa aneaanoaea aeeyiey oneiaee eo auieaaee.
Ii neeiiiinoe e ?inoo ca?ia ?aceea?o aaa i?aaaeuiuo oeia noaeae:
ianeaanoaaiii iaeeica?ienoua e ianeaanoaaiii e?oiiica?ienoua.
A ianeaanoaaiii iaeeica?ienoie noaee i?e iaa?aaa ai aunieeo oaiia?a- oo? ( 1000-10500 N ) ca?ii oaaee?eaaaony iacia?eoaeuii, iaiaei i?e aieaa aunieii iaa?aaa ianooiaao ao?iue ?ino ca?ia. A ianeaanoaaiii e?oiiica?- ienoie noaee, iaiai?io, neeuiue ?ino ca?ia iaae?aaaony aa?a i?e iacia- ?eoaeuiii ia?aa?aaa auoa 7270 N. ?acee?iay neeiiiinou e ?inoo ca?ia ii- ?aaaeyaony oneiaeyie ?aneeneaiey noaee e a? ninoaaii.
?ai iaiuua ca?ii, oai auoa i?i?iinou (?a ??o?????), ieanoe?iinou (???) e ayceinou ( KCU, KCT ), ie?a ii?ia oeaaiieiieinoe ( t50 ) e iaiuoa neei- iiinou e o?oieiio ?ac?ooaie?. Oiaiuuay ?acia? ca?ia aonoaieoa, ii?ii eiiiaine?iaaou io?eoaoaeuiia aeeyiea a?oaeo iaoaieciia oi?i?iaiey ia ii?ia oeaaiieiieinoe.
Eaae?o?uea yeaiaiou, iniaaiii ea?aeaiia?aco?uea ( ieo?eaiia?aco?-